A Trace of Zwart's model in Persian Translations. Modulation,Mutation

      Аннотация: Translation shift is one of the most controversial domains of translation studies. No two languages are identical, and there are some distances between the original literary work and its translation into another language. The translator has to discover sentences and transfer them to the target language (Crystal and Davy, 1969; Leech and Short, 1981).It is worthy of note that the discourse and cultural challenges created between the author and the translator can add on aesthetic essence to the translated texts from which the reader can get enjoyment. Transferring words and thoughts from one language to another one is a puzzling and difficult matter for translators. A Translator’s individual style is realized when he/she adds or deletes some elements. The main concern is the fact that in the process of translation, it is not possible to establish a one-to-one and comprehensive correspondence between the elements of two languages and it is impossible to thoroughly transfer a message without some sort of changes. These changes may happen in two levels: Micro-level (sentences, clause and phrase) and macro-level (time, event, character, place and other meaningful components of the text.

Ключевые слова: Modulation, translation, novel, mutation, shift, Van Leuven -Zwart, persain translation, semantic modulation, stylistic modulation