Venality and Racketing in Public Management : Comparative Analysis. Roadblocks to Emergence of Developing Countries

      Аннотация: The fight against Fraud and Corruption is not a monopoly of industralized countries .Despite the real efforts made, there has been little concrete progress to date. In most developing countries today, corruption is widespread and part of everyday life. Society has learned to live with it, even considering it, fatalistically, as an integral part of their culture. Not only are public or official decisions – for instance, on the award of government contracts or the amount of tax due – bought and sold, but very often access to a public service or the exercise of a right, such as obtaining civil documents, also has to be paid for.

Ключевые слова: challenges, Corruption, development, Fraud, governance, Risk Management, Racketing, Venality