Environmental Impacts of Framing Materials and Methods of Construction. A comparison between the UK and Kurdistan

      Аннотация: This study focuses on evaluating the use of different materials such as masonry, concrete, steel and timber for the construction of buildings and their frames. It rather assesses using different construction techniques such as using traditional on-site construction, precast, and other off-site and modern methods of construction. The evaluations are done by performing different structural design scenarios and then evaluating and comparing the amount of materials involved, methods adopted, sustainability, wastage, cost, quality, health and safety, and construction time. The investigation aimed to recommend better alternatives to traditional methods of construction in most developing countries from which the Kurdistan Region in Iraq has been chosen as the case study. In short, this book can serve civil engineers and building designers in both areas of structural design and environmental impact assessments in the design stage to enable them offer most efficient designs.

Ключевые слова: Embodied Energy (EE), Embodied Carbon (EC), Framing Materials, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Methods of Construction, Operational Carbon (OC), Operational Energy (OE), Structural Design