Surgical Endodontics. A Review on Endodontic Surgeries

      Аннотация: Over the past decade, periradicular surgery has continued to evolve into a precise, biologically based adjunct to nonsurgical root canal therapy. Although nonsurgical endodontic treatment gives good results in most cases, Endodontic surgery is an excellent alternative for solving problems, unsolved by conventional treatment and/or retreatment of root canals. The concurrent development of better techniques has resulted in greater understanding of the apical anatomy, greater treatment success and a more favorable patient response.

Ключевые слова: endodontics, surgery, Endodontic surgery, Surgical Endodontics, history of surgical endodontics, classification of endodontic surgery, Surgical Instruments, Microsurgery, endodontic triad, operating microscope, local anesthesia, Hemostasis, surgical flaps, tissue management, Sutures, barrier membrane techniques, replantation, root amputation, bicuspidization, implant surgery, surgical complication