Changing Role of S?mi Women in Reindeer Herding Communities. Northern Norway and the 1970-1980s Women’s Resistance and Redefinition Movement

      Аннотация: The traditional connectedness between men, women and nature for the S?mi people has undergone many changes in Samiland in the past few decades, resulting in S?mi women having to find ways to redefine alter and adapt their traditional and customary roles to changing environmental, political and social climates over time while still remaining S?mi. Historically, nations-states at different times tried to claim authority over the S?mi in the circumpolar north. After nation state borders were drawn separating Russia, Norway, Sweden and Finland, Norway introduced a harsh assimilation policy lasting over a century. Cultural Darwinist views, national assimilationist legislation and social strategies chipped away at S?mi society and ethnic identity. Over time S?mi women found their accustomed social, economic, and political autonomy eroded. Post World War II began a policy of “rationalization”. The result was an increase of social and national pressures that called for the S?mi people to conform to the majority society. In the later part of 1960, a S?mi renaissance arose. Through the organization of knowledge, S?mi women opened up new areas of social and political understanding.

Ключевые слова: Norway, women, Sami, Rationalization, Sami, Gender Neutral, Organization of knowledge, Revitalization, Redefinition