Jacques Rousseau’s theory of law and Civil state and Muslim Democracy. Jean – Jacques Rousseau’s theory of law and Civil state and its relevance to Muslim Democracies

      Аннотация: Rousseau’s ideas of law and civil state are his efforts to improve the government processes in France during the 18th century enlightenment era. The situation of France at this time was not palatable as there were social injustices and inequalities, which characterized the state of nature on the ground. Among the three social classes that existed in France at that time, it was the third estate comprising the third class citizens with less land that paid the highest taxes. The first and second estates consisting of the first and second class citizens were exempted from it. This boils down to the state of nature idea of the strong getting stronger and the weak getting weaker. This gave rise to all the evils that people perpetrated on one another in this state. Although Rousseau formulated his theory after reading and analyzing those of Hobbes and Locke, the scope of his project was not significantly different from theirs’. He understood society to be an invention, and he attempted to explain the nature of human beings by stripping them of all of the accidental qualities brought about by socialization.

Ключевые слова: jacques rousseau, Islamic Philosophy, Orientalism, state, Law, Civil, society